Probiotics for altering the composition of oral biofilms

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a certain microorganism for altering the composition of oral biofilms, in particular for use in the treatment and/or prevention of dental caries and/or periodontal disease. 
     In particular, the present invention relates to a microorganism for use as a probiotic agent for altering the bacterial composition of oral biofilms derived from saliva, preferably for reducing the proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic genera and/or increasing the proportions of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera. 
     Furthermore, the present invention provides oral pharmaceutical compositions, oral care products or products for nutrition or pleasure comprising the microorganism as probiotic agents as well as a method of production thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application (under 35 U.S.C. § 371) of PCT/EP2017/051011, filed Jan. 18, 2017, which claims benefit of European Application No. 16151963.2, filed Jan. 19, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The present invention relates to a certain microorganism for altering the composition of oral biofilms, in particular for use in the treatment and/or prevention of dental caries and/or periodontal disease.

In particular, the present invention relates to a microorganism for use as a probiotic agent for altering the bacterial composition of oral biofilms derived from the teeth, preferably for reducing the proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic genera and/or increasing the proportions of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera.

Furthermore, the present invention provides oral pharmaceutical compositions, oral care products or products for nutrition or pleasure comprising the microorganism as probiotic agent as well as a method of production thereof.

Inflammatory conditions of the gums are primarily induced by the formation of dental plaque. Colonizing bacteria form a biofilm on the surface of the teeth aided by the presence of food residues as well as components of saliva. If not sufficiently cleared away at an early stage, plaque films on the surface of the teeth result in deposition of dental calculus which is very hard to remove. The presence of raised numbers of bacteria at the gingival margin leads to inflammation of the gingivae, known as gingivits. In susceptible individuals, gingivitis may progress to periodontitis, which can lead to tooth loss. In particular, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in Gram-negative bacteria can cause a nonspecific immune response by LPS-stimulated macrophages, which release prostaglandin E2 (PEG2) and pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukins and TNF-α in the affected tissue. The pro-inflammatory mediators induce the release of further PGE2s and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from the residing fibroblasts, which destroy the extracellular matrix of the surrounding tissue. This allows bacteria to penetrate deeper into the tissue and promote the inflammatory process independent of the outer layer of the epithelium and the dental root causing the formation of a periodontal pocket. The alveolar bone supporting the tooth resorbs ahead of the advancing bacteria and, causing the tooth to become unstable and, if left untreated, lost.

Many different approaches have addressed this problem, ranging from improved methods for the mechanical removal of plaque and dental calculus to the use of oral care products with strong anti-bacterial properties.

However, not all the bacteria present in the oral cavity are associated with disease and many even promote oral health. Therefore, it is desirable to establish a balance towards a healthy composition of the mouth flora instead of unspecifically eradicating resident bacteria.

Probiotic action of bacteria in the oral cavity has been subject to some research but it has been found to vary strongly with the species and suitable parameters for efficient application are hard to establish because the action may rely on largely unrelated effects.

Among the probiotic actions, general anti-bacterial effects against disease-associated species, the reduction or prevention of bacterial adhesion to the surface of the teeth as well as anti-inflammatory effects have been discussed in the literature.

WO 2010/077795 A2 relates to compositions to improve oral health comprising a therapeutically effective amount of beneficial bacteria selected from specific strains of streptococci and lactobacilli.

Probiotics containing teeth and oral care products are disclosed as being capable of preventing parodontits and gingivitis according to DE 20 2009 011 370 U1, which recites a large variety of probiotic bacteria including lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, enterococci, sporolactobacilli and streptococci. Specific strains are not mentioned, however, and the alleged probiotic action is not further evaluated.

WO 2010/008879 A2 provides a confectionary composition containing an inactive probiotic, which is activable upon contact with water. As probiotics, different strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are disclosed. Probiotic effects mentioned in WO 2010/008879 A2 include the reduction of gum inflammation for example by suppressing pathogenic bacteria.

EP 1 852 122 A1 relates to dental and gingival health compositions containing dehydrated, reactivable microorganisms. It is explained that the microorganisms may combat virulent pathogenic bacterial flora by re-establishing the equilibirium of the affected tissue due to competition. WO 2005018342 also refers to a competition effect where probiotic bacteria are able to inhibit colonization or out growth of a pathogen by competing for nutrients or attachment sites.

Furthermore, it has been established, that, besides a mere competitive displacement, probiotic bacteria may be capable to form co-aggregates with disease-associated species which are easily flushed out and reducing the load of disease-associated species in the mouth.

The use of exogenous lactic bacteria for prophylaxis or treatment of dental caries, dental plaque and periodontal infection is disclosed in WO 00/09080. Colonization via specific binding to resident microflora (co-aggregation) is mentioned but the use of probiotics according to WO 00/09080 relies on the effect that certain lactic bacteria, which are not part of resident microflora, are capable of adhering directly to the pellicle of the teeth thus displace pathogens or prevent their attachment.

The ability of probiotic bacteria to replace pathogens or form aggregates interfering with pathogen biofilm formation is mentioned in WO 2012/022773 A1. WO 2012/022773 A1, is primarily concerned with probiotic compositions for oral health comprising effective amounts of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7481 and Lactobacillus brevis CECT 7480, which are demonstrated to have anti-bacterial properties against certain pathogens.

WO 2012028759 (EP 2 612 904 A2) provides anti-microbial bacterial strains of the genus streptococcus for use in treatment of infectious disease in the oral cavity, which is based on the formation of co-aggregates of S. mutans with the probiotic strains.

WO 2012/100991 discloses the use of binder organisms (lactic acid bacteria) to bind streptococci in the oral cavity, which are then flushed out thus preventing colonization by the pathogens and the formation of caries. Effective binder organisms according to WO 2012/100991, are certain strains of Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

In summary, it has been demonstrated that certain strains belonging to the genus Lactobacillus and other genera are antagonistic to some oral disease-associated bacterial species in in-vitro assays [1]. These strains have the potential to be used as probiotics for prevention and therapy of dental caries and periodontal disease. However, assays used to demonstrate microbial antagonism are performed singly on agar media and are therefore rather artificial. This is because oral bacteria naturally form biofilms that are composed of many different species, not all of which have been cultivated [2,3]. Deep sequencing studies have, for example, detected hundreds of species in dental plaque samples from individual subjects [4-6]. Whilst some in-vitro oral biofilm assays have been developed and used for testing oral care products, these have typically used relatively simple defined bacterial inocula resulting in biofilms with a low complexity [7-9]. Given the high richness and diversity of oral biofilms, it would be preferable to use natural diverse oral inocula, such as saliva or dental plaque, in order to more accurately represent the in-vivo ecosystem.

One in-vitro system that has been previously developed and used to grow bacteria as biofilms is the Calgary Biofilm device (CBD) [10]. In this system, biofilms are grown on pegs protruding from the lid of a 96-well plate. The pegs are immersed in a growth medium that can easily be replaced by transferring the lid to a new baseplate, thereby enabling the long-term growth of biofilms. The CBD was originally developed to determine the susceptibility of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics for applications such as medical device-related infections, and is therefore commercially available as the ‘Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration’ (MBEC) assay (Innovotech, Canada). Previous work has demonstrated that uniform biofilms with reproducible total viable counts can be obtained when using simple defined bacterial inocula [11]. In addition, an oral microbial biofilm model has been developed using the CBD seeded with the saliva of healthy individuals as a natural inoculums [12]. The pegs of the CBD were coated in hydroxyapatite to provide a surface chemically similar to tooth enamel. The use of next generation sequencing allowed a comprehensive characterisation of the bacterial composition of the biofilms. The biofilms were shown to be complex but reproducible, thus accurately representing the in-vivo conditions of the oral cavity.

The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic strains on the composition of in-vitro oral biofilms derived from saliva has been previously investigated in a study using hydroxyapatite discs and constant depth film fermenters (CDFFs) [13]. Introduction of the live strains, both to developing and mature biofilms, altered the composition of the biofilms compared to a control. The differences were most pronounced in developing biofilms in which significantly increased numbers of total anaerobes, Gram-negative anaerobes and streptococci were detected. However, dosing of mature biofilms resulted in reductions in total anaerobes and streptococci but increases in facultative and anaerobic Gram-negative anaerobes. The authors also showed that the L. reuteri strains could persist in the mature biofilms after dosing ceased.

Using a CBD model, it was now possible for the first time to individually assess the impact of treatment with a large number of bacterial strains on the composition of complex oral biofilms and thus allow a specific selection of strain with the most efficient beneficial effect on the balance towards a healthy biofilm composition on the surface of teeth. Notably, it has been found out, that certain strains are capable to reduce the proportion of disease-associated bacteria while increasing the proportion of bacteria, which are beneficial for oral health.

An object of the present invention was to provide a microorganism which can be used in highly effective treatment and/or prevention of periodontal disease.

A further object of the present invention was to provide a microorganism which is capable to balance the bacterial composition of oral biofilms derived from saliva in favor of bacteria beneficial for oral health.

Furthermore, it was an object of the present invention to provide compositions and products to effectively use the microorganism of the present invention in oral care.

The objective of the present invention is met by a microorganism for use in the treatment and/or prevention of dental caries and/or periodontal disease, wherein the microorganism is Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691).

The extensive screenings leading up to the present invention revealed that Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) impacted the community composition of the biofilms. At the genus level, many of the taxa that were lower in proportion in the Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691)-treated biofilms were Gram-negative anaerobic genera, including un-named genera within the phylum Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Pyramidobacter. Reductions in the proportions of Gram-negative anaerobes advantageously helps to maintain periodontal health as these taxa have been associated with the onset of gingivitis in studies of experimental gingivitis [6, 28, 29]. In contrast, a number of the genera that were increased relative to the negative control were aerobic/facultatively anaerobic genera including Corynebacterium and Neisseria and are common in early immature plaque typical of gingival health [6, 30]. At the species level, Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly lower in relative abundance in biofilms treated with heat-attenuated Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691). Fusobacterium nucleatum was previously associated with gingivitis [6, 29] and has been described as a ‘bridging’ organism in plaque through its ability to coaggregate with both early and late colonisers [31].

The strain Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 has been deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, under the accession number CCTCC M 2013691 (by BioGrowing Co., Ltd., No. 10666 Songze Rd., Qingpu Shanghai 201700, China) on 23 Dec. 2013.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the microorganism described above is an attenuated or a dead microorganism, preferably a heat-attenuated microorganism.

In the studies described below, it has been demonstrated that the microorganism according to the invention is particularly efficient in a heat-attenuated state.

The activity of the heat-attenuated strain in the present study may be due to the release of bioactive molecules during the heat treatment, and these may have some specificity against certain oral species.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to the microorganism recited above for use as a probiotic agent for altering the bacterial composition of oral biofilms derived from saliva, preferably for reducing the proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic genera and/or increasing the proportions of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera, preferably in each case with respect to a negative control (cf. below, example 1).

In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism according to the invention is for reducing the proportions of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Pyramidobacter and/or for increasing the proportions of Corynebacterium and/or Neisseria, preferably in each case with respect to a negative control (cf. below, example 1).

As explained above, the microorganism according to the invention tips the microbial balance in biofilms towards an accumulation of beneficial microorganisms while the proportion of detrimental bacteria is reduced. In particular, the Gram-negative anaerobic genera, especially Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Pyramidobacter have been associated with the onset of gingivitits and are advantageously reduced in proportion by the microorganism according to the invention in oral biofilm compositions. On the other hand, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera, in particular Corynebacterium and Neisseria, which are common in early immature plaque typical of periodontal health, are increased in proportion by the microorganism according to the invention, thus optimizing the beneficial effect.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to an oral pharmaceutical composition, oral care product or product for nutrition or pleasure, comprising Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691), wherein the total amount of Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is sufficient for treating and/or preventing dental caries and/or periodontal disease, further preferably wherein the total amount of Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is in the range from 0.01 to 100%, more preferably in the range from 0.1 to 50%, most preferably in the range from 1 to 10%, in each case with respect to the total weight of the composition, and/or wherein the total amount of Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is in the range from 1×10³ to 1×10¹¹ colony forming units (CFU), more preferably in the range from 1×10⁵ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU.

In order to provide compositions and products to practically use the microorganism of the present invention in oral care, a composition is provided comprising effective amounts of the microorganism according to the invention. In particular, the amounts specified above have been demonstrated to be suitable for achieving the inventive effect.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a composition or product as described above for use in the treatment and/or prevention of dental caries and/or periodontal disease, preferably for altering the bacterial composition of oral biofilms derived from saliva.

Preferably, the composition or product is used for reducing the proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic genera and/or increasing the proportions of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera, in each case with respect to a negative control.

Particularly preferably, the composition or product is used for reducing the proportions of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Pyramidobacter and/or for increasing the proportions of Corynebacterium and/or Neisseria, preferably in each case with respect to a negative control (cf. below, example 1).

A composition according to the invention may further comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of carriers, excipients or further active ingredients such as, for example, active agents from the group of non-steroidal antiphlogistics, antibiotics, steroids, anti-TNF-alpha antibodies or other biotechnologically produced active agents and/or substances as well as analgetics, dexpanthenol, prednisolon, polyvidon iodide, chlorhexidine-bis-D-gluconate, hexetidine, benzydamine HCl, lidocaine, benzocaine, macrogol lauryl ether, benzocaine in combination with cetidyl pyridinium chloride or macrogol lauryl ether in combination with protein free hemodialysate from calf blood, as well as for example fillers (e.g. cellulose, calcium carbonate), plasticizer or flow improves (e.g. talcum, magnesium stearate), coatings (e.g. polyvinyl acetate phtalate, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phtalate), disintegrants (e.g. starch, cross-linking polyvinyl pyrrolidone), softener (e.g. triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate) substances for granulation (lactose, gelatin), retardation (e.g. poly (meth)acrylic acid methyl/ethyl/2-trimethyl aminomethyl ester copolymerizates in dispersion, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymerizates), compaction (e.g. microcrystalline cellulose, lactose), solvents, suspending or dispersing agents (e.g. water, ethanol), emulsifiers (e.g. cetyl alcohol, lecithin), substances for modifying the rheological properties (silica, sodium alginate), substances for microbial stabilization (e.g. benzalkonium chloride, potassium sorbate), preservatives and antioxidants (e.g. DL-alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid) substances for modifying pH (lactic acid, citric acid), blowing agents or inert gases (e.g. fluorinated chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide), dyes (iron oxide, titanium oxide), basic ingredients for ointment (e.g. paraffines, bees wax) and others as described in the literature (e.g. in Schmidt, Christin. Wirk- und Hilfsstoffe für Rezeptur, Defektur und Großherstellung. 1999; Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart oder Bauer, Frömming Führer. Lehrbuch der Pharmazeutischen Technologie. 8. Auflage, 2006. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart).

A composition or product according to the present invention may also be coated or encapsulated.

Encapsulation of a composition according to the invention may have the advantage of allowing a controlled release, for example upon contact with water, or a continuous release over an extended period of time. Moreover, the composition may be protected from degradation improving the shelf life of the product. Methods for encapsulation of active ingredients are well known in the art and a number of encapsulation materials as well as methods how to apply them to a composition according to specific requirements are available.

Furthermore, a composition or product according to the invention may be in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, tablets, granules, powder or capsules.

The composition or product according to the invention may be selected form the group consisting of toothpaste, tooth gel, tooth powder, tooth cleaning liquid, tooth cleaning foam, mouth wash, mouth spray, dental floss, chewing gum and lozenges.

Such compositions or products may contain abrasive systems (abrasive and/or polishing components) such as silicates, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, aluminum oxide and/or hydroxyl apatite, surfactants such as e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate and/or cocamidopropyl betaine, humectants such as glycerol and/or sorbitol, thickening agents, e.g. carboxy methyl cellulose, poly ethylene glycols, carrageenans and/or Laponite®, sweeteners such as saccharine, aroma and taste correcting agents for unpleasant taste impressions, taste modifying substances (e.g. inositol phosphate, nucleotides, e.g. guanosine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate or other substances, e.g. sodium glutamate or 2-phenoxy propionic acid), cooling agents such as menthol derivates (e.g. L-mentyl lactate, L-menthyl alkyl carbonate, menthone ketals), icilin and icilin derivates, stabilizers and active agents such as sodium fluoride, sodium monofluoro phosphate, tin difluoride, quarternary ammonium fluorides, zinc citrate, zinc sulfate, tin pyrophosphate, tin dichloride, mixtures of different pyrophosphates, triclosane, cetyl pyridinium chloride, aluminum lactate, potassium citrate, potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, aroma substances, sodium bicarbonate and/or smell correcting agents.

Chewing gums or dental care chewing gums may comprise a chewing gum base comprising elastomers, e.g. polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyethylene, (low or medium molecular) polyiso butane (PIB), polybutadiene, isobutene/isoprene copolymers, polyvinyl ethyl ether (PVE), polyvinyl butyl ether, copolymers of vinyl esters and vinyl ethers, styrene/butadiene copolymers (SBR) or vinyl elastomers, e.g. based on vinyl acetate/vinyl laurate, vinyl acetate/vinyl stearate or ethylene/vinyl acetate and mixtures of the mentioned elastomers as e.g. example described EP 0 242 325, U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,615, 5,093,136, 5,266,336, 5,601,858 or 6,986,709. Additionally chewing gum bases may contain further ingredients, e.g. (mineral) filers, e.g. calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silicone dioxide, talcum, aluminum oxide, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, magnesium hydroxide and mixtures thereof, plasticisers (e.g. lanolin, stearic acid, sodium stearate, ethyl acetate, diacetin (glycerol diacetate), triacetin (glycerol triacetate) and trietyhl citrate), emulsifiers (e.g. phosphatides, such as lecithin and mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, e.g. glycerol monostearate), antioxidants, waxes (e.g. paraffine waxes, candelilla waxes, carnauba waxes, microcrystalline waxes and polyethylene waxes), fats or fatty oils (e.g. hardened (hydrogenated) plant or animal fats) and mono, di or triglycerides.

Finally, the present invention also relates to a method of producing an oral pharmaceutical composition, an oral care product or a product for nutrition or pleasure as described above, comprising the following step:

-   combining Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 to one or more further     components, preferably to one or more components selected form the     group consisting of carriers, excipients or further active     ingredients.

The following examples are added to illustrate the present invention without being intended to limit the scope.

EXAMPLE 1: SCREENING OF BACTERIAL STRAINS FOR EFFECTS ON THE COMPOSITION OF COMPLEX IN-VITRO ORAL BIOFILMS

The screening was performed on a number of candidate probiotic strains of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus fermentum

Sample Collection

Five millilitres of saliva were obtained from the participants by expectoration into sterile universal tubes. Saliva was placed on ice and used for inoculation within an hour of collection. The samples were pooled in equal volumes for the inoculation of the CBD plates.

Inoculation of the Calgary Biofilm Device and Incubation of Biofilms

The pooled saliva was vortexed for 15 s and 200 μl was pipetted per well in 96-well microplates, up to the required number of wells. Wells around the outside of the microplates were not used. The CBD lids with pegs were fitted onto the microplates so that the hydroxyapatite-coated pegs were bathed in the saliva. The CBD plates were then incubated at 37° C. in air+5% CO₂ for 18 hours, after which the lids were transferred to new baseplates containing 200 μl of pre-reduced Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (Fluka Analytical) growth medium supplemented with hog gastric mucin (1 g/L), haemin (10 mg/L), and vitamin K (0.5 mg/L). The pegs were incubated in air+5% CO₂ for 14 days and the growth medium was changed every 3.5 days.

Treatment of Biofilms

After seven days of growth, the biofilms were treated twice daily with live or heat-attenuated probiotic strains at a concentration of 1×10⁸ CFUs/ml suspended in BHI, a negative control (sterile BHI), or a positive control (0.1% v/v thymol), for seven days. Heat-attenuation of probiotic strains was performed by placing the bacterial suspension(s) in a Techne heating block at 80° C. for 30 mins. After the incubation, the suspensions were placed on ice for 5 mins and then stored at −70° C. until required. The live probiotic preparations were stored at −70° C. until required and were resuscitated before use by incubating them on a heating block at 37° C. for 30 minutes.

Treatments were carried out at 9 am and 5 pm each day. Two hundred microliter aliquots of each probiotic preparation or control were pipetted into the appropriate wells of a 96-well microplate for the treatment procedure. Three sample replicates of three pegs (total of nine pegs) were treated per probiotic preparation. Pegs with biofilms were immersed into the probiotic preparations or controls by transferring the lid of the CBD to the microplate containing the treatments. The exposure was carried out on a shaker, with gentle agitation, for 1 minute. The pegs were then washed by briefly immersing them into PBS on a shaker for 30 seconds, before returning them to the growth medium.

Removal of Pegs and Propidium Monoazide Treatment of Samples for Pyrosequencinq Analysis

At 14 days, pegs with biofilms were snapped off the lid with sterile pliers and washed by dipping into sterile PBS three times. All of the visible biofilm material was then removed using a sterile curette and suspended into 500 μl of PBS. The material from three pegs was pooled to produce one sample for analysis, and three samples were processed for each treatment group. Each sample was subjected to propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment to prevent subsequent PCR amplification of extracellular DNA and DNA from dead or damaged cells [14]: 1.25 μl of PMA was added (at a final concentration of 50 μM) to the cells suspended in PBS and incubated in the dark with occasional shaking for 5 mins at room temperature. The samples were then exposed to light from a 500 W halogen lamp for 5 mins at a distance of 20 cm in order to form a covalent linkage between the PMA and the DNA. During the exposure time the samples were placed on ice to avoid excessive heating and subjected to occasional shaking. The samples were used for DNA extractions immediately after the PMA treatment.

DNA Extraction

DNA was extracted from the pooled saliva and the biofilm samples using the GenElute Bacterial DNA extraction kit (Sigma-Aldrich). DNA extraction was performed following the manufacturer's instructions with an additional cell lysis step to increase the recovery of DNA from Gram-positive cells, in which samples were incubated in a 45 mg/ml lysozyme solution at 37° C. for 30 mins.

Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA Genes

The bacterial composition of the biofilms and saliva was determined using 454 pyrosequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes as described previously [6], with some minor modifications. PCR amplification of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, approximately 500 bp in length covering the V1-V3 hypervariable regions, was performed for each DNA sample using composite fusion primers. The fusion primers comprised the broad-range 16S rRNA gene primers 27 FYM [15] and 519 R [16] along with Roche GS-FLX Titanium Series adapter sequences (A and B) for 454-pyrosequencing using the Lib-L emulsion-PCR method. The forward primers included previously described 12-base error-correcting Golay barcodes. PCR reactions were performed using Extensor Hi-fidelity PCR mastermix (Thermo-Scientific) along with the appropriate barcoded forward primer and the reverse primer. The PCR conditions were as follows: 5 mins initial denaturation at 95° C., followed by 25 cycles of 95° C. for 45 s, 53° C. for 45 s and 72° C. for 45 s and a final extension of 72° C. for 5 mins. PCR amplicons were then purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The size and purity of the amplicons was checked using the Agilent DNA 1000 kit and the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Quantitation of the amplicons was performed by means of a fluorometric assay using the Quant-iT Picogreen fluorescent nucleic acid stain (Invitrogen). The amplicons were then pooled together at equimolar concentrations (1×10⁹ molecules/μl). Emulsion-PCR and unidirectional sequencing of the samples was performed using the Lib-L kit and the Roche 454 GS-FLX+Titanium series sequencer by the Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.

Sequence Analysis

Sequence analysis was performed using the ‘mothur’ software suite version 1.34 [17], following the 454 standard operating procedure [18] on mothur.org. The sequences were denoised using the AmpliconNoise algorithm [19], as implemented by mothur. Sequences that were less than 400 bases in length and/or had one of the following: >2 mismatches to the primer, >1 mismatch to the barcode regions, and homopolymers of >8 bases in length, were discarded. The remaining sequences were trimmed to remove primers and barcodes and aligned to the SILVA 16S rRNA reference alignment [20]. The UChime algorithm [21] was used to identify chimeric sequences, which were then removed from the dataset. Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a genetic distance of 0.015 (approximately species level) using the average neighbour algorithm and identified using a Naïve Bayesian classifier [22] with the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) reference set (version 13).

Statistical Analysis

The sequences for each sample were randomly sub-sampled to the same number (that of the sample with the lowest number of sequences) for statistical OTU-based diversity comparisons. The extent of sampling of the communities was assessed using Good's non-parametric coverage estimator [23]. The diversity of the communities was calculated using Simpson's inverse diversity index [24]. The community structure of the samples/treatment groups was compared using distance matrices generated with the thetaYC calculator [25]. The distance matrices were visualised using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots generated in R (r-project.org). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) [26], as implemented in mothur, was used to determine if there were statistically significant differences between treatments groups based on the thetaYC distance matrix. Heat maps and dendrograms based on the proportions of bacterial genera were generated in R using the ‘vegan’ package. The dendrograms were based on the ‘Bray-Curtis’ index of dissimilarity in community structure as implemented by the vegan package. Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) [27] analysis was used to detect species-level OTUs that were significantly differentially abundant between the negative control biofilms and treatment groups.

Results

The replicate that amplified successfully was from the positive control treatments of the heat-attenuated treatment experiment. A total of 468,261 16S rDNA sequences were obtained, with a mean length of 427 bases, for analysis after filtering and removal of sequence chimeras. The mean number of species-level OTUs detected in the biofilm samples was 213.3 (±24.7) and 284 (±1.4) in the pooled saliva inocula.

Comparisons of the biofilms treated with heat-attenuated probiotic strains and the negative control biofilms in a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot did not indicate marked differences in bacterial community structure (thetaYC calculator based on the relative abundances of all the OTUs present in the communities) in most cases. However, the treatment with L. paracasei LPc-G110, did show a difference to the negative control, which was indicated by a shift along the NMDS axes away from the control. The single thymol positive control replicate sample showed the greatest dissimilarity to the negative control. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that there was an overall significant difference among the different treatment groups (P<0.001), although differences between individual treatments and the negative control were not statistically significant.

Comparisons of the composition of the biofilms using dendrograms and heat maps based on the relative abundances of the different genera, supported the findings of the OTU analyses. For the heat-attenuated treatments, two of the three L. paracasei LPcG110 replicates clustered separately from the remaining biofilms. The heat map indicated that these differences were principally due to reductions in the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Pyramidobacter, and increases in Corynebacterium and Neisseria. In addition, the thymol-treated biofilm showed a marked difference to the other biofilms and negative control biofilms, and was principally comprised of Corynebacterium, Neisseria and Streptococcus.

Statistical analysis using Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) indicated that 37 species-level OTUs were significantly differentially abundant between L. paracasei LPc-G110 and the negative control.

EXAMPLE 2: PROBIOTIC LOZENGE OR COMPRIMATE

Isomalt Comprimates No Block Ingredients Placebo Probiotic only +Flavor 1 A Magnesium Stearate 1.800% 1.800% 1.800% 2 Acesulfam 0.050% 0.050% 0.050% 3 Sucralose 0.025% 0.025% 0.025% 4 Probiotic Material 1.000% 1.000% 5 Flavor (e.g. 134229 Optamint 0.500% Peppermint s/d) 6 B Isomalt 98.125%  97.125%  96.625%  Sum total 100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  Production Method:

-   -   components 1 and 6 are dried in a vacuum compartment drier at         50° C. and a pressure of max. 10 mbar for 16 hours     -   all components are weight out exactly components 1, 2, 3, 4 and         5 combined and thoroughly mixed (block A). The probiotic         material is applied in lyophilized form having an activity of         about 10⁵ to 10¹² colony forming units (CFU) per gram.     -   block A is subsequently added to component 6 and mixed         thoroughly for 5 minutes     -   the powder mixture is pressed into tablets in a tablet press EK0         (Korsch AG, Berlin) at an adjusted pressure of 15-20 kN target         parameters:         -   tablet diameter: 20 mm         -   tablet weight: 2.0 g     -   storage at RT in sealed aluminum sachets. Per 5 lozenges 1 g of         desiccant is used for dehumidification (activated by 3 h storage         at 105° C. in a vacuum compartment drier)

EXAMPLE 3: POWDER DENTIFRICE

Toothpowder Probiotic No Block Ingredients Placebo only +Flavor 1 A Magnesium Carbonate 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2 Sodium Bicarbonate 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 3 Sodium Fluoride 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 4 Sodium Saccharin 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 5 B Probiotic Material 4.00% 4.00% 6 Flavor (e.g. 134229 2.00% Optamint Peppermint s/d) 7 C Calcium carbonate 94.15% 90.15% 88.15% Sum total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Production Method:

-   -   component 7 is dried in a vacuum compartment drier at 50° C. and         a pressure of max. 10 mbar for 16 hours     -   all components are weight out exactly     -   components 1, 2, 3 and 4 are combined and thoroughly mixed         together (block A)     -   components 5 and 6 are, if necessary, combined and thoroughly         mixed (block B). The probiotic material is applied in         lyophilized form having an activity of about 10⁵ to 10¹² colony         forming units (CFU) per gram.     -   blocks A and B are subsequently combined and thoroughly mixed         together     -   the mixture is added to component 7 and mixed thoroughly for 5         minutes     -   the powder mixture is made up into portions of 0.5 g each         storage at RT together with 1 g of desiccant per portion         (activated by 3 h storage at 105° C. in a vacuum compartment         drier) in sealed aluminum sachets

EXAMPLE 4: POWDER DENTIFRICE

No Block Ingredients Toothpaste tablets 1 A Magnesium Carbonate 3.00% 2 Sodium Bicarbonate 2.00% 3 Sodium Fluoride 0.25% 4 Sodium Saccharin 0.60% 5 Sodium Laurylsulphate 0.50% 6 Magnesium Stearate 1.00% 7 B Flavor (e.g. 134229 Optamint 2.00% Peppermint s/d) 8 Probiotic Material 6.67% 9 C Calcium Carbonate 17.00% 10 Microcristalline Cellulose 66.98% Sum total 100.00%

Production Method:

-   -   components 6, 9 and 10 are dried in a vacuum compartment drier         at 50° C. and a pressure of max. 10 mbar for 16 hours.     -   all components are weight out exactly     -   components 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are combined and thoroughly mixed         together (block A)     -   components 7 and 8 are combined and thoroughly mixed together         (block B). The probiotic material is applied in lyophilized form         having an activity of about 10⁵ to 10¹² colony forming units         (CFU) per gram.     -   blocks A and B are subsequently combined and thoroughly mixed         together     -   components 9 and 10 are combined and thoroughly mixed together         (block C)     -   the two mixtures (Block A/B and Block C) are combined and mixed         thoroughly for 5 minutes     -   the powder mixture is pressed into tablets in a tablet press EK0         (Korsch AG, Berlin) at an adjusted pressure of 15-20 kN target         parameters         -   tablet diameter: 9 mm         -   tablet weight: 0.3 g     -   storage at RT in sealed aluminum sachets. Per 3 tablets 1 g of         desiccant is used for dehumidification (activated by 3 h storage         at 105° C. in a vacuum compartment drier)

EXAMPLE 5: CHEWING GUM

Chewing gum with Vegetable Chewing gum Oil, Probiotics in with Vegetable Oil, No Ingredients Flavor Probiotics in Oil 1 Gum Base (e.g. Geminis T) 30.00% Block A 30.00% Block A 2 Isomalt (here: Isomalt ST-PF) 65.00% Block B 65.00% Block B 3 Sucralose coated (10% in wax) 1.00% 1.00% 4 Deoiled Soy Lecithin (here: Emulpur IP) 0.30% 0.30% 5 Vegetable Oil - Triglyceride 1.60% Block C 1.60% Block C 6 Probiotic Material 0.80% Block D 0.80% 7 Flavor (e.g. 203191 Optamint Peppermint) 1.30% 1.30% Block D

Production Method:

-   -   component 2 is dried in a vacuum compartment drier at 50° C. and         a pressure of max. 10 mbar for 16 hours     -   all components are weight out exactly     -   component 1 is tempered to 45-59° C. in a chewing gum         lab-kneader with the heating kneaded until a homogenous mass is         obtained. The heating is on during the whole mixing process     -   components 2, 3 and 4 are added subsequently and kneaded until         the mixture is homogenous and no powder is visible anymore     -   according to the formula component 6 is either worked into         component 5 (block C) or component 7 (block D). The probiotic         material is applied in lyophilized form having an activity of         about 10⁵ to 10¹² colony forming units (CFU) per gram. The         components are mixed until an even suspension is obtained.     -   First, block C is added to the chewing gum mass and kneaded         again until a homogenous mass is obtained.     -   Last, block D is processed accordingly. After addition the         composition has to be kneaded until an even chewing gum mass is         obtained.     -   the mass is taken out of the mixer and is formed into         mini-sticks by an embossing roller using the embossing set         “slabs”     -   storage at RT in sealed aluminum sachets. Per 7 chewing gums 1 g         of desiccant is used for dehumidification (activated by 3 h         storage at 105° C. in a vacuum compartment drier)

EXAMPLE 6: PROBIOTIC BEADLETS

probiotic probiotic probiotic beadlets beadlets beadlets probiotic with high with high with low beadlets load, load, without load, with low without aroma, aroma without load, with without without aroma, aroma, dye, without dye, without with dye, with dye, gellan gum, gellan gum, with gellan with gellan high water low water gum gum content content components wt. % wt. % wt. % wt. % Alginate 1.75 1.65 1.44 1.57 Gummi 1.25 1.18 0.60 0.65 Arabicum Wheat fiber 1.125 1.06 0.52 0.57 Dye 0.0125 0.018 — — Aroma — 1.41 — — Glycerol 0.1875 — — — probiotic 1.125 1.35 7.20 7.83 Gellan Gum 0.0625 0.059 — — Water Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 Add to 100 load approx. 20% approx. 20% approx. 74% approx. 74%

Production Method:

Production of the calcium chloride bath for precipitation of the alginate beadlets:

-   -   a 2% calcium chloride solution is produces from distilled water         and calcium chloride. Care has to be taken that the CaCl₂) is         completely dissolved.         -   Production of the alginate solution (instead of alginate             also pectin or gellan gum may be used):     -   in a reaction vessel with a stirrer and which is suitable to the         batch size, water is provided     -   the stirrer is turned on and, while stirring at a high level,         the respective amounts of alginate, gum arabicum, wheat fiber         and probiotic, as well as the optionally required gellan gum are         added     -   the mixture is heated to 80° C. while stirring and kept at this         temperature for 5 minutes—during this step the gel forming         components are dissolved     -   afterwards, the heating is turned off and the hot gel solution         is further stirred for at least 30 minutes until it is free of         lumps     -   subsequently, the solution is cooled by refrigeration to         39-43° C. while stirring     -   in a further vessel, the aroma and the dye are provided if         required and thoroughly mixed In case no aroma is used, the dye         is mixed with glycerol     -   when the dye dispersion is mixed homogenously, it is added to         the batch vessel with the alginate solution. The mixing vessel         is washed several times with approx. 10% of the amount of         alginate solution used of water and added to the dispersion     -   the alginate dispersion is stirred further for at least 5         minutes.     -   Subsequently, the batch is stirred for further at least 15         minutes at a low speed to remove potentially present air.

Dripping of the Alginate Solution into the Calcium Chloride Solution for Precipitation of the Beadlets:

-   -   the alginate dispersion is moved to a tightly sealable pressure         stable reaction vessel having two outlets. At one outlet         pressurized air is applied. The second outlet leads to the         nozzles of the dripping unit via a tube.     -   the reaction vessel is tempered over a heating plate so that the         alginate solution reaches a temperature of approx. 45° C. The         solution is slightly stirred with a magnet stirrer.     -   after application of pressure to the reaction vessel, alginate         solution is pressed towards the nozzles, which are set to         oscillation by an oscillator. By adaption of pressure and the         frequency of the oscillator, the size of the resulting drops at         the tips of nozzles may be adjusted.     -   The drops of alginate solution forming at the tips of the         nozzles fall into a collection vessel in the form of a funnel in         which the calcium chloride solution prepared at the beginning         circulates.     -   the cured alginate beadlets pass with the calcium chloride         solution through the funnel and are collected in a sieve, the         collected calcium chloride solution is pumped back into the         funnel below the dripping unit and thus recycled.         -   the beadlets are dried in an Aeromatic flowbed-drier at an             supply air temperature of 80° C. until an exhaust air             temperature of 45° C. is reached.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of treating periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising introduction of an effective amount of a microorganism into an oral cavity of the subject to treat periodontal disease, wherein the microorganism is Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691).
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the microorganism is an attenuated or a dead microorganism.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the microorganism is a probiotic agent that alters oral biofilms formed by bacteria derived from saliva.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method reduces proportions of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Pyramidobacter; and/or the method increases proportions of Corynebacterium and/or Neisseria.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 is administered in an amount from 1×10⁵ to 1×10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU).
 6. A method of treating periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising introduction of a composition or a product into an oral cavity of the subject, wherein the composition or the product comprises Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691), wherein the total amount of Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is sufficient for treating periodontal disease.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the method reduces proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic genera; and/or the method increases proportions of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the method reduces proportions of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Pyramidobacter; and/or the method increases proportions of Corynebacterium and/or Neisseria.
 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-a110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is the only microorganism present in the composition or the product.
 10. A method of decreasing the probability for developing periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising introduction of an effective amount of a microorganism into an oral cavity of the subject to decrease the probability for developing periodontal disease, wherein the microorganism is Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691); and wherein the microorganism is an attenuated or a dead microorganism.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the microorganism is a probiotic agent that alters oral biofilms formed by bacteria derived from saliva.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the method reduces proportions of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Pyramidobacter; and/or the method increases proportions of Corynebacterium and/or Neisseria.
 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 is administered in an amount from 1×10⁵ to 1×10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU).
 14. A method of decreasing the probability for developing periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising introduction of a composition or a product into an oral cavity of the subject, wherein the composition or the product comprises Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691), wherein the total amount of Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is sufficient for decreasing the probability for developing periodontal disease; and wherein the microorganism is an attenuated or a dead microorganism.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method reduces proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic genera; and/or the method increases proportions of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic genera.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the method reduces proportions of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Pyramidobacter; and/or the method increases proportions of Corynebacterium and/or Neisseria.
 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) is the only microorganism present in the composition or the product. 